Classification of vitamins

Vitamins are classified as water soluble (easily dissolved in water) and fat-soluble (soluble in fats and absorbed in the intestine by means of lipid). Water-soluble vitamins are usually easily distinguished by the body. Each vitamin is typically involved in many reactions that can have many functions.

Name                   Vitamery                                                                 Solubility

Vitamin A                   Retinoids (retinol, retinoids, carotenoids)                 Fat-soluble
Vitamin B 1           Thiamine                                                                 Water-soluble
Vitamin B 2           Riboflavin                                                         Water-soluble
Vitamin B 3           Niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide                         Water-soluble
Vitamin B 5           Pantothenic acid                                                 Water-soluble
Vitamin B 6           Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pirydoksamin                 Water-soluble
Vitamin B 7           Biotin                                                                 Water-soluble
Vitamin B 9           Folic acid                                                         Water-soluble
Vitamin B 12           Cobalamin                                                         Water-soluble
Vitamin C                   Ascorbic acid                                                         Water-soluble
Vitamin D                   Erhokaltsyferol, kolekaltsyferol (cholecalciferol) Fat-soluble
Vitamin E                   Tocopherols, tokotriyenoly                                 Fat-soluble
Vitamin K                  Naphthoquinone                                                 Fat-soluble

Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) found in yeast, germs and membranes of wheat, oats, buckwheat, and in bread made ​​from flour plain flour. The daily adult requirement of vitamin B 1 is 1.5-2 mg. Preparations of vitamin B group 1 is not only specific "antyhipovitaminoznymy" means. They actively affect different functions of the body, interfering with metabolism and neuro-reflex regulation of affect of nervous excitement at cholinergic synapses. Active (coenzyme) form of vitamin B 1 is its phosphorylated derivatives - tiamindyfosfat (kokarboksilaza), which is involved in decarboxylation reactions as prosthetic parts decarboxylase and several other enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, especially the nervous and muscular tissues. For medical purposes, use products containing synthetic thiamine in the form of bromide or chloride, kokarboksilaza and others. In addition to preventive and therapeutic action in the appropriate hypo-and avitaminosis ("beriberi"), indications for use of vitamin B 1 is neuritis, sciatica, neuralgia, peripheral paralysis. Kokarboksilaza widely used in cardiology. In dermatological practice, Vitamin B 1 administered in Medicine neurogenic origin sverblyachtsi different aetiology, pyoderma, eczema, psoriasis.

Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) tissues of animals is not formed. Its synthesis in nature is only microorganisms. Requirements humans and animals in it are provided intestinal microflora, from cyanocobalamin enters the bodies accumulate in largest amounts in kidney, liver, intestine wall. Biologically active (coenzyme) form of vitamin B 12 is methyl and 5-dezoksyadenozil-cobalamin. The main function - part of relocation of mobile methyl groups and hydrogen. Cyanocobalamin has many pharmacological properties. It is a factor that stimulates growth and hematopoiesis, affects the liver and nervous system, activates blood clotting, the exchange of carbohydrates and lipids involved in the synthesis of various amino acids. For use as a product of vitamin B 12 obtained by microbial synthesis, and use products derived from the liver of animals, the body is able to deposit it. Cyanocobalamin is a highly effective tool that helps with malignant anemia, postgemorragicheskih (iron), nutritional and other types of anemia. Assign it as in radiation sickness, liver (Botkin's disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis), in certain diseases of the nervous system infections and others.

Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) in the human body comes mainly from meat and dairy products. It is widely distributed in plant and animal world and found in yeast, whey, egg whites, meat, fish, liver, peas, peel and germs of cereals. Also obtained synthetically. Daily requirement for vitamin B 2 for adults is 1.5-2 mg. The biological role of vitamin B 2 , as well as other water soluble vitamins associated with its substrate participation in the formation of the corresponding coenzyme. When the riboflavin in the body interacts with adenosine acid and forms a flavin mononucleotide and flavinadenin-dynukleotyd. Both are part of the enzyme prosthetic flavinproteyiniv involved in the transport of protons and regulation of redox processes. Thus, riboflavin plays an important role in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the maintenance of normal visual function of the eye (part of the visual purple and protects the retina from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation). In treatment for vitamin B 2 is used for hypo-and aryboflavinozi, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcer, cataract, with long healing wounds and ulcers, general malnutrition, radiation sickness, fatigue, disturbances of bowel function, Botkin's disease and other diseases .

Activity of vitamin B 6 with pyridine derivatives: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pirydoksamin that differ from each other substituents at position 4 (respectively metoksyl, formyl, methylamine). Vitamin B 6 found in plants and animal organs, especially in the raw grains of cereals, in vegetables, meat, fish, milk, cod liver and cattle, egg yolk, yeast. Daily demand adult it is 2 mg and met some food, some synthesis of intestinal microflora. Pyridoxine (pyridoxal, pirydoksamin) Entering into the body, phosphorylated, converted to pyridoxal-5-phosphate and in this form catalyzes the decarboxylation and transamination of amino acids. It is necessary for normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. Apply vitamin B6 in B6, vitamin deficiencies, toxemia of pregnancy, anemia, leukopenia different etiology, nervous system diseases (Parkinson, radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia), some skin diseases are others.

Folic acid (Vitamin B 9 ) is a group of vitamin C. It is found in fresh vegetables (beans, spinach, tomatoes, etc..) and in the liver and kidneys of animals. In humans, also produced intestinal microflora. For medical purposes (including for intoxication caused by anticancer drugs) use synthetic folic acid. Folic acid itself is inactive. In the body it is reduced to tetrahydrofolic that is a coenzyme of many metabolic processes. First, it catalyzes the transfer of single-carbon fragments in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and therefore necessary for the formation of RNA and DNA . Its deficit gives mitotic division of cells, their maturation and function. Lack of folate (and vitamin B 12 ) leads to mehaloblastychnoyi anemia. Her medications prescribed for macrocytic and pernicious (along with vitamin B 12 ) anemia.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) found in significant amounts in rose hips, cabbage, lemon, orange, radish, berries, pine needles, etc.. A small amount of it found in liver, brain, muscles of animals. For medical purposes, vitamin C obtained synthetically. Under normal conditions the daily adult requirement of ascorbic acid is 70-100 mg, its main effects due to participation in the regulation of redox processes as ascorbic acid easily becomes dehydroascorbic and back, giving or accepting two protons (oxidizing or restoring appropriate substrate) . Vitamin C activates the activity of endocrine glands, regulates all types of metabolism, blood clotting, tissue regeneration, the formation of steroid hormones, collagen synthesis, capillary permeability, and others. Ascorbic acid , showing a stimulating effect on the body as a whole increases its adaptive capacity, resistance to infections. Vitamin C is added to certain anti-inflammatory and other finished dosage forms.

Group combines fat-soluble vitamins vitamin A , vitamin D , vitamin E and vitamin K.

The biological role of fat-soluble vitamins is largely due to their participation in ensuring the normal functional state of the cell, cytoplasmic membranes.

Vitamin A and its synthetic analogues and homologues referred to as retinoids - derivatives of retinoic acid. Biologically active forms of vitamin A is retinol, retinal and retinoic acid itself. Vitamin A (retinol) found in animal products - fish oil, butter, egg yolk, liver, some fish (cod, sea bass, etc..) and marine animals (whale, walrus, seal). In plant foods retinol is not found. However, many of them (carrots, spinach, lettuce, parsley, chives, sorrel, red pepper, black currants, blueberries, gooseberries, peaches, apricots, etc.). Contain carotene, which is a provitamin A, from which the body is formed retinol . Vitamin A regulates cornification process, the formation and release of fat in the skin (sebaceous glands secret), is required for normal hair growth, support immunity participates in antitumor defense of the body. Retinal controls the light and color, retinol and retinoic acid are involved in the synthesis of vitamin A-dependent glycoprotein. In medical practice using preparations containing vitamin A , natural origin (eg, fish oil) and synthetic (retinol acetate and retinol palmitate). Preparations of vitamin A administered in prophylactic and therapeutic doses. Prophylactic dose setting based on the daily needs of the human body: Adult - 1 mg, for pregnant women and lactating women - 1,2-1,4 mg for children depending on age - from 0.4 to 1 mg treatment - for indicators. The main indications are hypo-and avitaminosis A, some eye diseases, diseases and lesions of the skin (frostbite, burns, wounds, etc.).. Apply them as in the treatment of rickets, malnutrition, acute respiratory diseases, to prevent the formation of concretions in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract, and others.

Vitamin D is currently called the two fat-soluble, similar in chemical structure and action of matter - erhokaltsyferol (vitamin D 2 ) and kolekaltsyferol (vitamin D3) . The main feature of these compounds is the ability to prevent and treat rickets, because of what they are sometimes called antyrahitychnymy vitamins. Vitamin D 2 in a small amount found in foods: egg yolk, butter, milk, caviar, plants. Vitamin D 3 is formed in human skin under the influence of sunlight. Provitamin kolekaltsyferolu is 7-dehidroholesterol. On the biological activity of vitamin D 2 and vitamin D 3 little different, because the body both are likely to turn into calcitriol - an active metabolite of vitamin D . We prove the existence of tissue specific receptor ligand to contain calcitriol.

The main feature of vitamin D is its participation in the metabolism of calcium. It promotes the absorption of calcium in the digestive tract, activates its deposition in the bones and prevents the resorption of bone. At this time, vitamin D viewed not only as a vitamin, but also as a hormone that regulates, together with the hormone parathyroid gland calcium ion concentration in blood plasma. Vitamin D also regulates the content of phosphorus in the body. Apply vitamin D for prevention and treatment of rickets and bone disease caused by impaired calcium metabolism (osteomalacia and some forms of osteoporosis).

Under the name Vitamin E is known series compounds (tocopherols), similar in chemical nature and biological effects. The most active of these is D-alpha-tocopherol. Tocopherols are in the green parts of plants, especially in young seedlings of cereals rich in tocopherols vegetable oils (sunflower, cotton, corn, peanut, soy, sea buckthorn). Some of them also in meat, fat, eggs, milk. Vitamin E is an endogenous antioxidant factor (antioxidant), which inhibits lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Participates in the biosynthesis of heme and proteins, cell proliferation in tissue respiration and other vital processes of cellular metabolism. Synthetic preparation of vitamin E (tocopherol acetate) , along with other antioxidants used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, and others. Wide application of tocopherol acetate found in senior practice. Vitamin E is prescribed for muscular dystrophy, dermatomyositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, menstrual irregularities, the threat of abortion and others.

In some cases, vitamins mutually reinforce the physiological effects associated with them, so reducing the influence of vitamin P on vascular permeability increasing ascorbic acid, mutually enhanced stimulation of hematopoiesis cyanocobalamin and folic acid.

In some cases, the combined use of reduced toxicity of vitamins such as vitamin D is better tolerated on the background of vitamin A . However, vitamins can also show antagonistic properties: nicotinic acid inhibits the lipotropic action of choline. Actively participating in various biochemical processes, vitamins in their combination exhibit more severe and diverse biological effects. Produced a large number of domestic and foreign combined vitamin preparations in various dosage forms: tablets, effervescent tablets, pills, capsules, syrups. Many of them - multi - containing a large collection of not only vitamins, but also a variety of macro-and microelements (copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, chromium,etc.

Vitamin A to fight against Leukemia

 More simple enough vitamins and organic substances which are not used as a source of energy but are essential for life. In terms of their chemical composition, are completely different from each other. Are classified into two main groups, fat-soluble and hydrosoluble. A is a fat-soluble vitamins, which is soluble in lipids, D, E and K, along with vitamins. The food is fat and body fat accumulation can not be taken every day. Vitamin A in our body, also known as erretinol, may be obtained in two different ways. On the one hand, can be manufactured from carotenes, vitamin A, these are pioneers. Carrots, pumpkin, spinach, cabbage and potatoes are the vegetables. On the other hand, can be absorbed organismoetatik are fed vegetables, milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver and fish liver oils.


Our body is not affected by transformation of vitamin A does not affect fisiologikorik change. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the derivatives, ie, erretinoideak. This change occurs in the liver and deposited in the cells after they have become erretinoide. There are three main functions of our body Erretinoideei: cell death and proliferation desberdintzapena. Ten years ago the Department of Cell Biology and Histology University erretinoideek how to strengthen the study of cell death began. This ability to cause cell death that was certain to die, such as cancer cells. Some cells lost the ability to divide and are aging, and eventually to death. There are two types of death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis, the cell is subjected to a very large and unexpected losses in the dismantling of the cell. This is usually a physical problem or lack of oxygen occurs, and eventually loses control of the cell membranes of the analysis, the cell contents scattered.


Apoptosis, the cell has a capacity. It is necessary to control cell death and the program. Our body is a mechanism essential to continue to function properly. If you do not kill cells with defects in apoptosis can lead to serious problems in the functioning of the body. All cells have the ability to perform apoptosis, but is not required in all cells. Is necessary only, and is activated in response to this external and internal stimuli. Erretinoideak for substances such as the modulator. Researchers at the University of Erretinoide erretenamida was chosen for the study. This is a synthetic, so it is not a substance synthesized in our bodies. Are used to treat some other natural Erretinoide disease, such as skin, but high doses are required, and the body becomes toxic is not well supported. Hence the synthetic erretinoide.


Linfoblastikoan erretinamidak have studied the influence of the University of  Leukemia, and this is linfiblastoen cancer. Those who have lost control of the cell cycle, divided by a constant, accumulation in bone marrow and blood cell production difficult. 95% of affected people die due to the influence of Erretinamidaren linfoblasto have seen that. This is because the increase in oxidative stress within cells, which activates the mechanisms of programmed cell death. As a result, the damaged cells die and damage the cells have almost no sense. Have shown that cells exposed to linfiblastikoa erretinamidak only kills leukemia cells and not healthy. Why do not affect healthy cells that researchers continue to investigate and found that several factors. Erretinamidan-based medicines, before these factors must be carefully considered and tailored treatments for each patient.

HISTORY OF DISCOVERY OF VITAMIN K

In 1929, Danish scientist Henrik Dam (Henrik Dam) describe beriberi in chickens that were on the synthetic diet. The main feature of it was haemorrhage - bleeding in the subcutaneous tissue, muscle and other tissues. Add yeast as a source of vitamins B, and fish oil, rich in vitamin A and vitamin D, does not eliminate the pathological phenomena. It turned out that the healing effect with grain cereals and other plant products. Substances which cure hemorrhages, were named vitamin K, vitamin or coagulation, because it was found that bleeding in the experimental birds, for example, associated with decreased ability of blood to clot.

Edward Doyzi in 1936, tried to identify with stops plant opened in 1929, Danish biochemist Henrik Dame vitamin called it vitamin K (from the English «koagulations» - clotting). None of yarrow or with plantain then select the vitamin failed. As it turned out later, there was a small amount.

 In 1939, the laboratory Carrera was first isolated from alfalfa vitamin K, was named filohinon. That same year, Binkley and Doyzi received from rotting fish meal with substance antyhemorahichnoyu action, but with other properties, the preparation isolated from alfalfa. This factor received the name of vitamin K 2 in contrast to the vitamin from alfalfa, called vitamin K 1.On top Doyzi synthesized artificial vitamin K 3 - medion. 

What are the vegetables that are rich in vitamin A?

Horseradish, vine called malabar nightshade, sweet potato leaves, spinach, pechay, taro leaves, chili, saluyot, ampalaya, string beans, carrots, squash, tomatoes, monggo horseradish and bitter are rich in vitamin A